Tuesday, 3 September 2013

Death Begins in the Colon



"You are not what you eat but what you do not eliminate!"


A healthy colon  is responsible for absorbing fluids, forming stools and eliminating stools. It is actually the last part of the digestive system in most vertebrates. The colon is basically responsible for extracting salt and water from solid waste before it is eliminated from the body. This however does not mean that the colon plays an important role in the absorption of food and nutrients. It does not! By the time food reaches the large intestine, most of the nutrients have been digested and absorbed.


This is an ultrasound image of a healthy colon.


The colon starts where the small intestine ends and extends to the anus. The bowel is the name given to the combination of the large and small intestine.

The Colon has a very delicate lining. The colon lining, if good and healthy performs the following functions.


  • Protects nerve endings in the colon wall. This enables the receptor cells to perform faster and more effectively. And this further increases the reliability that the messages will be transferred correctly to and from the brain.
  • It lubricates stool passage promoting stool transit.
  • It also eases the movement of fluids in and out of the colon. Nutritional uptake of vitamins is optimized.
  • It also promotes the growth of healthy intestinal bacteria. This bacteria further has many responsibilities, one of the most important ones being protection against infection and grooming the colon.

90% of all diseases in the body are credited to having origins in the colon!




Dr. Vanita Forsyth, a chiropractor and an authority on colon health explains what causes poor colon health:
"Let’s visualize the following scenario: You have a perfect bowel, you are on a perfect diet. Once in a while you ingest something that is harmful.

In order to protect itself, the body causes mucus to be formed in the colon before the harmful food or substance reached there."
(I wont offer any images of this, but if you want to really give yourself a reason to get your colon cleaned out, do some of your own research on colon mucus...)

"The substance reaches the colon 18 hours later. The mucus has been prepared by the body and is lining the colon so you won’t absorb the poison when it gets there, so it literally coats the poison. Then later it breaks down and will be discharged from the colon with no harmful effect. Well, you got away with it that time. Nature’s protective mechanism functioned properly. So you do it more often.

Four times today, you ingested mucus-forming foods. Most of which is also low in fiber. The mucus is secreted four times today to protect you against what you just ate and drank and smoked. So, you do this every day of your life. But every day you try to eat something raw, one apple or orange or salad, maybe this helps.

But 85% to 90% of everything you eat is going to cause mucus to be formed. The mucus lining in the bowel thickens."

"Nature’s protective mechanism, which was designed for occasional use only, is being forced to work continuously day after day, year after year, with no rest and no chance to eliminate the mucus which is being laid down faster than it can be eliminated. Layer piles upon layer, like the rings of a tree."

These are ultrasound images of how the colon can end up if not cared for properly.

Dr. Forsyth explained that this can become so severe that there is almost no opening left for the waste to pass through the colon at all.
"An autopsy of one person revealed a colon that was 9 inches in diameter that had a passage through it no larger than that of a pencil."
Another autopsy showed a stagnant colon that weighed 40 pounds. This accumulation can have the consistency of tire rubber. It’s hard and black.

More and more people are becoming aware of the importance of cleansing the colon. Many experts believe that the average person could be carrying up to 20 lbs. of accumulated waste matter in their colon.

Colon and bowel cleansers can be really harsh and harmful to the body however. When looking at taking the path of pursuing colon health, please seek out some good advise and be gentle and kind to your body.

Healthy bowel movements daily are essential to support colon and rectal health.
Good colon health is achieved through all of your daily choices says Dr Ken Kim. In his articleHow to Promote Healthy Bowle Moevements, he offers some great advise on avoiding constipation and achieving overall health.

I hope this article was useful to you and I wish us all a healthy bowel xx



SOURCES:
http://www.enrichinglives.com/colon.htm
http://www.innovativebodysolutions.com.au/specialised.html
http://colonhealth.aussieblogs.com.au/
https://www.boundless.com/biology/digestive-systems/the-components-of-the-mammalian-digestive-system/water-absorption-in-the-large-intestine/
http://www.liverawkitchen.com/the-bowel.php
http://www.123rf.com/photo_4683108_highlighted-colon.html

Wednesday, 14 August 2013

Thyroid Health: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Healing

Read on to learn what the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland does, how to figure out whether it’s on the fritz, and, if that’s the case, how to get your thyroid (and your well-being) back on track.
Kris Carr


Here are some dietry suggestion on how to counteract thyroid disease.

Changing gut bacteria through diet affects brain function, UCLA study shows

UCLA researchers now have the first evidence that bacteria ingested in food can affect brain function in humans. In an early proof-of-concept study of healthy women, they found that women who regularly consumed beneficial bacteria known as probiotics through yogurt showed altered brain function, both while in a resting state and in response to an emotion-recognition task.




Get the full story by Rachel Champeau here

Dr Michael Gregor sheds some of his own brand of light on the subject here. Watch his short film outlining the links between probiotics and mental health.


Vitamin C as a cure for Cancer, Heart Disease and Infection.

When a two-time Nobel Prize winner has something to say about vitamins, even the conventional medical establishment is compelled to listen.





Linus Pauling's claim, that he knew a cure for heart diseasecancer and infections, was greeted with ridicule. His remarkable health claims concerned the substance we know as vitamin C. Now, ten years after his death on 19th August 1994, his revolutionary ideas are finally on the way to vindication. Given his history, it should not surprise us if Pauling was right all along. He was, after all, the leading chemist of the last century and, arguably, the greatest ever American scientist. He remains the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes, the first for Chemistry (1954) and the second for peace (1962). In addition to being one of the greatest scientists ever, he was a renowned humanitarian. 
Stone first introduced Pauling to vitamin C, and explained that it wasn't really a vitamin at all, but an essential substance we could no longer manufacture in our bodies. Most animals make their own vitamin C, in large amounts. In humans, the gene for this ability has mutated and no longer works properly. 
When Pauling looked into Stone's claims, he found that conventional medicine had long ignored evidence from respected physicians and scientists. This research suggested that high doses of vitamin C might be a cure for many illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. However, when he explained these findings in his wonderfully constructed books "Vitamin C and the Common Cold" and "How to Live Longer and Feel Better", the medical profession was incensed, implying that a mere chemist could not possibly understand the intricacies of medical science. 
“It is wise to carry some 500-mg tablets of ascorbic acid with you at all times. At the first sign that a cold is developing, the first feeling of scratchiness of the throat, or presence of mucus in the nose, or muscle pain or general malaise, begin the treatment by swallowing one or two 500-mg tablets. Continue the treatment for several hours by taking an additional tablet or two tablets per hour.” (p. 86)
When they examined the evidence, Hickey and Roberts found background evidence for Pauling's ideas from independent scientific and medical reports, covering half a century. The findings in these papers could neither be dismissed as placebo effects nor easily explained. The reports included remission of AIDS, cures for cancer, and the immediate recovery of children at the point of death from septic shock. The claims seemed so out of the ordinary that they were hard to believe. However, Hickey and Roberts could find no counter examples in the scientific or medical literature. 





Linus Pauling from his book Vitamin C and the Common Cold 


Get the full story on Pauling's findings from these SOURCES:
http://practicingmedicinewithoutalicense.com/protocol/excerpt_chp7.pdf
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/12154.php
http://tv.greenmedinfo.com/2-time-nobel-prize-winner-most-humans-are-dying-from-a-lack-of-this-vitamin/



Monday, 12 August 2013

Are You Really A Mental Patient? Check your Thyroid


Dummy autoimmune thyroid conditions such as postpartum thyroiditis are not fundamentally thyroid problems – they are manifestations of a dysfunctional immune system; one that is misrecognizing the body’s tissues as foreign. Many doctors don’t even screen for antibodies because their presence doesn’t change the intervention, which is typically a lifetime of varying dosages of synthetic T4.It’s The Immune System: Dummy autoimmune thyroid conditions such as postpartum thyroiditis are not fundamentally thyroid problems – they are manifestations of a dysfunctional immune system; one that is misrecognizing the body’s tissues as foreign. Many doctors don’t even screen for antibodies because their presence doesn’t change the intervention, which is typically a lifetime of varying dosages of synthetic T4.


The thyroid is responsible for producing T4, T3, T1, and T2 and cells are responsible for converting the storage form of hormone, T4, into its active form, T3. This is a process dependent on optimal cortisol and nutrient availability such as iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, B vitamins, C, and D.

Thyroid imbalance can cause anxiety, depression, cloudiness, weight gain, poor concentration in addition to cold and exercise intolerance, dry skin, and hair loss. 



In postpartum thyroiditis, this presentation is typically preceded by a period of hyperthyroidism where women can feel over-energized, suffer from insomnia, diarrhea, anxiety, and precipitous weight-loss – these are the women who “bounce back” quickly after the baby only to be peeling themselves off the ground 9 months later.

Whole Body Ills: Low thyroid function impacts the ability of cells to use energy (hence low body temp), metabolize cholesterol, and to properly use B vitamins for an important cellular process called methylation. Thyroid dysfunction can cause or be the result of other bodily imbalances.


Pregnancy/Postpartum: Reportedly, 10% of women develop postpartum thyroiditis. A number of interesting studies have implicated autoantibodies in the development of postpartum mental illness. Psychiatry has a well-established precedent for the use of active thyroid hormone, or T3, for the treatment of depression, so we have bidirectional reasons to consider appropriate screening in this population.


Here is the entire article, written by By Dr. Kelly Brogan MD, Holistic Psychiatrist

Winning the battle against Candida

Brazilian university researchers have confirmed that a common tree used traditionally as a healing agent has significant healing properties, including the ability to counteract Candida yeast infections.


Get the full story by natropath Case Adams here


Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Sacred Space Learning Community or its staff.

Tuesday, 6 August 2013

Why We Crave Certain Foods Chart


Your body send signal about nutrients deficiency through food craving. 




And for a wider selection, here's another cravings chart. This one has chocolate on it :)

Cacao, Puffed RIce and Chia Seed Slice



Image




















They are gluten free, dairy free, nut free, refined sugar free and soy free 

They are high in fibre, antioxidants, omega 3 and they taste soooo good!

What You Will Need -
A big mixing bowl
A baking tray and baking paper
A fridge
Now the following amounts were doubled and they still turned out great as I wanted to make a big batch and freeze some as they freeze well – so feel free to double up!
Ingredients -
2 cups of puffed rice ( I got mine by the scoop from my healthfood store – much better than the normal rice bubbles)
1 cup of dessicated coconut
1/8 cup of chia seeds
1/8 cup of coconut sugar
1/4 cup of coconut oil
3/4 cup of rice malt syrup
1/8 cup cacao 
* NOTE – You can substitute rice malt syrup with RAW honey – make sure it’s a nice candied or thick honey and leave out the coconut sugar as it will be sweet enough!
Image
Method
Whack all dry ingredients in a big mixing bowl
Melt the coconut oil, rice malt syrup and coconut sugar together (don’t let it get to hot, just so you can stir together and then take off heat) and add to bowl of dry ingredients
Moosh (yes, technical term) it around with your hands until it’s well combined
Press into a lined baking tin so it’s at least 1 cm thick and flatten with your hands
Pop in fridge to set and slice into bars when ready – store in the fridge.
Recipe care of Naughty New Age Mum 


Sunday, 28 July 2013

Is there scientific proof we can heal ourselves?

New age gurus suggest that we can heal ourselves by simply changing our minds, but is this concept grounded in cold, hard science? Lissa Rankin, MD explores the scientific literature, reviewing case studies of spontaneous remission, as well as placebo and nocebo effect data, to prove that our thoughts powerfully affect our physiology when we believe we can get well.






Lissa Rankin MD tells us the answer is most definatley yes. Watch here inspirational video.

Broccoli Kills The Stem Cells That Make Cancers Immortal

In one of the most amazing findings of our time, broccoli extract was found to kill the “beating heart” of cancerous tumors, the cancer stem cells that are even resistant to chemo and radiation treatment!
A new theory of cancer biology—cancer stem cells—and the role played by sulforaphane, a phytonutrient produced by cruciferous vegetables.
See Dr  Greger's youtube clip about these findings here 




Read about another study showing how broccoli extract can target cancer cells. 

Saturday, 27 July 2013

Communication Breakdown

Why do I feel so rejected when I can’t get through to my spouse?


When you approach your mate with an issue or problem, you are expressing a desire to be understood. This isn’t just a convenience or a nicety—it is above all, an attempt to connect. If your partner turns away from you when you’re trying to reach out, it elicits a very basic response: the failure of one human to get what they desire from another triggers rejection. 


Feeling rejected can trigger an avalanche of emotions. Initially it may induce a sense of panic ("Oh my god! There’s no one to turn to!") Later, it can leave persistent feelings of abandonment, depression or despair. The experience of rejection can ultimately lead to anger at the person who "made you" feel that way. And when it’s your spouse who’s let you down, and it’s happened more than once, that anger can stir up a firestorm of resentment and even hate. 



But before you shred your marriage certificate and move back in with your parents, there are some things you should know. Here are 4 tips to help you reconnect.

Thursday, 25 July 2013

Raw Chocolate Mousse Cake

cake
             
















You want to make this at home? Okay, so this is what you need:
Base:
1 cup soaked almonds (soak for 2 hours in water, then drain)
½ cup pitted dates
¼ tsp Himalayan (or sea) salt
Middle Layer:
4-5 bananas
4-5 tablespoons Changing Habits Coconut Oil
1/2 cup desiccated coconut
2 tsp vanilla essence or 1 vanilla pod, scraped
Top Layer:
2 avocados
2 bananas
¼ tsp Himalayan (or sea) salt
3 Tbsp raw cacao powder
1 tsp vanilla extract
2 tsp raw honey
And this is how you do it:


1. Place all base ingredients into TM on speed 10 for 5 seconds.
2. In a spring form round tin, press the mix into the base firmly and evenly.
3. Wipe out the TM and add all the ingredients for the middle layer. Blend on speed 8 for 10 seconds until smooth.
4. Pour this mixture into cake tin and spread evenly.  Place tin in freezer to set the layer.
6. Meanwhile add the top layer ingredients into the TM and blend on speed 8 for 10 seconds until smooth.
7. Add this mixture to the tin and smooth to create a nice clean and even surface.
8. Garnish with some fresh fruit or berries.
9. Pop back into the freezer and leave to set for a couple of hours. This will make it easier to slice and serve.
If you don’t have a thermomix, your food processor and blender can be used in place of the thermomix.

by Kim Morrison and Cyndi O’Meara from 53 Shades of Chocolate.



Wednesday, 24 July 2013

How To Make An Herbal Antiseptic Wound Spray

The wonderful people at Herb Info have discovered a great formula for an antiseptic wound spray. 
This would be a wonderful addition to a herbal home remedy chest! According to Frugally Sustainable, who hosts the formula, it works at least as well as any store-bought antiseptic wound spray – and of course it contains pure natural ingredients.



Tuesday, 23 July 2013

How to Make a Long Distance Relationship Work

If you are willing to work it out, here's how to give your long distance relationship every chance to survive and thrive.

  1. 1

  1. Ask the important questions at the onset, to make sure you are both clear on the parameters of the relationship. Setting parameters such as naming your relationship (dating, seeing each other, boyfriend-girlfriend, engaged) as well as defining exclusive (limited to one person,) or non-exclusive. These can be difficult and awkward questions to ask, but will save you great heartache and misunderstanding down the line. Example: "Are you open to the possibility of relocating if the relationship should become more serious?" or "What are you looking to get out of the relationship?" Stating your end goal or ideas will allow each person to maintain what they need.


  1. 2

  1. Do things together. Defy the distance. As a long distance couple, it's important to do other things together besides the usual phone call. In a long distance relationship, interaction over the phone can become dull in the long run. Incorporating other forms of interaction are important. Just think... People in short-distance relationships do not spend the majority of their time talking, but rather doing things with each other. Try to replicate this by finding things to do together such as watching a TV show or movie simultaneously. Here's a free list of 100+ things you can do with your long distance partner.


  1. 3

  1. Consider using Skype video chat calls every day or as often as possible, text messaging, phone calls and email every day. It is important to maintain contact and to be in each others daily lives as much as possible.




  1. 4

  1. Communicate in some way every day, more than once if possible. Since you won't be seeing each other, it's important to establish and maintain an emotional connection. These don't always have to be long, in-depth conversations. Tell each other about your little triumphs and tragedies. Ask on for advice. Use an instant messenger program or VoIP for real-time chat, or web cams for that visual connection. E-mail is great so make sure you use it, especially if long-distance phone calls put a strain on your budget. Ensure the e-mails are substantive and detailed, it will show that you care enough to put in the time and effort. Write love letters. Send small gifts, cards, or send flowers for no reason. In this case, quantity is as important as quality. You may discover an advantage over others whose partner is close at hand—you don't take communication for granted!



    • You can set up reminders, including automatically-recurring reminders, for this purpose in calendaring software on your computer or online. This is especially important when you don't have much contact with the others friends to remember important events such as birthdays.
    1. Take advantage of the benefits a long distance relationship offers: more time with friends and/or family, no arguments over toothpaste caps, the pleasure of seeing your sweetheart again after a long absence, time to mull your options (rather than snapping at your partner impulsively) before you respond to that email s/he wrote that seemed so rude the first time you read it, not being dragged into a bunch of chick flicks, etc. Most important, being far apart gives you a chance to maintain your individuality—something that can get lost in the shuffle when couples spend all their free time together. Here are additional benefits of long distance relationships.

  1. 5

  1. 6

  1. Pursue common interests, even if it means pursuing them apart. If there's a movie you're both interested in seeing, watch it individually and then call each other afterward and talk about it. Read a certain book at the same time. Stargaze while you're on the phone. Set your watches to go off at the same time every day, and synchronize your alarm with that of your partner. Make it a point to think of each other when your watch goes off, and revel in the fact that he or she is thinking about you, too. Find creative ways to bond.


  1. 7

  1. Avoid the temptation to be controlling. People have free will and no one can or should control another person. As long as you are both interested in being in the relationship, you will stick with it and distance will not make a difference. As soon as one of you decides the other is not a good match—or someone else is a better match—your relationship ends, whether you live 3000 miles apart, two streets over, or share the same bed with your wedding picture on the wall. You are going to have to trust each other completely if this relationship is going to work.


  1. 8

  1. Try challenging each other. This is not the same as being controlling. You may find that you can do things for each other that you couldn't quite find the motivation to do on your own. Perhaps you could motivate yourselves to get some exercise or to cook better or more often. It will give you something to do while you wait to see your partner again, and it will give you both something to strive for and talk about until then.


  1. 9

  1. Talk about your future together. Assuming that ultimately you'd want to live together, discussing how you're going to get to that point will help you prove to each other that the relationship is going somewhere and that your efforts and frustrations are not in vain.


  1. 10

  1. Remember: Things will get better with time, and even the relationship will become better. Have hope.


  1. 11

  1. Visit often. Try to make the time to visit each other as often as possible or as often as your budget permits you to. A relationship cannot thrive if the only thing you have is the phone call. You need to see each other up close and personal every chance you get. The key here is to set up some "rules" about frequency of communication and visits and stick to them. Consistency can help a long-distance relationship survive.


  1. 12

  1. Avoid jealousy and be trusting. One of the easiest ways to destroy a perfectly healthy relationship is to poison it with jealousy and drama. When you start a long distance relationship, you must be realistic of the difficulties ahead. It always helps if you go in a relationship with the idea that everyone is innocent and worthy of trust until proven otherwise. Don't fall in the trap of interrogating your partner every time he/she decides to go out for a drink with people you haven't met or he/she didn't get back to you right away when you called and left a message. Just because you are in a long-distance relationship doesn't mean your lives will pause. Your partner will naturally have a social life where he/she lives and so should you. Sure, it helps to have your eyes open and not be totally naive, but being overly suspicious is unhealthy for you and your relationship too. You should both maintain your social activity and be happy with yourselves.


  1. 13

  1. Be positive. Staying positive and not focusing on the negative aspects of a long-distance relationship is essential to keeping your relationship blooming and your partner content. Being away from your sweetie is not all bad news. Use the opportunity of personal time to pursue your interests and hobbies as well as your career objectives. Another positive point is that long distance dating pushes both of you to be more creative, to communicate better since you don't have "face-to-face" time and to test (and express) your feelings. As long as you see the long-distance relationship as a temporary state, you will keep your chin up and transmit that feeling of security and happiness to your partner too.


  1. 14

  1. Give them a personal object of yours so in a time of need, when they miss you, they are able to hold on to something that once belonged to you. This will provide comfort, happiness, and the thought of being with you.


  1. 15

  1. Work towards a balanced relationship between partners. A relationship must be built on strong foundations of trust, understanding and determination to make it work. The key is to ensure that an equal amount of effort is made by both parties. The two partners should be reasonable about their expectations and willing to cooperate so that the relationship can lead to a happy ending. If these parameters are taken care of, you have nothing to worry about. But don't forget to ask some questions because if you don't, your partner may start to think that you're losing interest.


  1. 16

  1. Create your own set of relationship standards that both of you have mutually agreed upon. That creates a common goal for you to work towards, developing a strong relationship whether you are together or apart. For example, agree to disagree, accept each other as you are, practice trust and honesty, strive towards compromise and self-sacrifice, seek spiritual unity, and maintain open communication.


  1. 17

  1. Remember that you're still in a relationship. You HAVE to be there for your partner. If your partner is ever in trouble, or hurt, or whatever, you have to be there for them.Make sure you are available to them so that they can reach you if they need you. If they end up dealing with everything alone, they will eventually not need you. And sometimes, distance permitting of course, that means being actually, physically there for them.


  1. 18

  1. Because time together is rare, when you do see each other, take as much advantage as possible of your ability to get intimate with each other. You don't have that privilege during those stretches when you can’t be with each other physically. You’ve got to keep those feelings of excitement and attraction alive or they will wane in time.


Test Your Knowledge


Tips

  • Trust is the key.
  • Don't expect your long distance relationship to always be perfect. Every relationship will have a few bumps in the road, and those bumps can seem magnified by your distance.
  • Always listen to your partner on what they think will make the relationship stronger. Also ALWAYS be there for them no matter what.
  • Don't be afraid to voice your fears.
  • Avoid temptations, the best and easiest way to be faithful would always be to not put yourself in a situation where you would have to be tested. Temptations would always come your way, but avoiding certain things would let your partner know that there's nothing to worry about.
  • It helps to have a solid time in the future for when the long distance part of the relationship will end, no matter the time length. Without it, the relationship can begin to mold into something that is always distant—even with great communication. With it, each person can see the point at which the distance will end and work harder to keep emotions readily available.
  • When getting to know each other, show the real you, not the person you think your partner wants.
  • One of the hardest parts of a long distance relationship is connecting when one person gets busier than the other. If this happens in a relationship, it is important to maintain communication. If you are the busy person, try to warn your partner ahead of time that you will be working many hours and may have limited time. If you are the not-as-busy person, take advantage of the time by picking up a new hobby, getting in shape, reading a new book, etc. Flexibility is very important.
  • Tell them every day that you love them. Distance can sometimes make you question their feelings for you so make sure they know it every day.
  • Nothing is impossible! ...Always have hope!

Warnings

  • Long distance relationships are difficult, as you are emotionally attached to a person you cannot touch or comfort and this can wreak havoc with your emotions. You may have negative thoughts or feelings that are not true, you may doubt your love feelings, or, because of some fights over the phone, you may feel that you don't feel the way you did before for your partner. But try to keep these feelings in perspective as distance can aggravate them.
  • When you are alone, take out time to see the photos of your love, any gift that he/she has given, or letters written. At night, before sleeping, try to recollect those wonderful moments.
  • Try to make every possible effort from your side. Initially, love/passion can be the driving force. As time goes on, it's commitment that is most important.
  • Remember, every kind of relationship takes hard work and dedication to your loved one or partner, whether it's long distance or proximal. If you and your partner are willing to take these steps, then expect bumps and turns in the road. These bumps and turns will only help contribute towards a relationship.
  • Long distance relationships can and will test you and your partner; you need to trust him/her entirely, lest paranoia play a major part in the demise of your relationship.
  • It's easier to get into arguments in a long-distance relationship, because you can't always discern what someone's actual tone is through text. It's also a lot easier to say hurtful things when you're not face-to-face, but the words can hurt just the same. Take special care to watch how you interpret their words (for it might not be what they meant), and what you say when you're angry.
  • There would always be people that would say that long distance relationships don't work, just remember that they are not the people who are in the relationship. Making it work surviving the long distance cannot should not be determined by them.
  • Remember, fights are a part of any relationship, and it's up to you to deal with it or to succumb to it.
  • Long distance relationships are not for the faint of heart. They can be very trying, but so can proximal relationships.
Sources and Citations